![]() ![]() IVM not only has strong effects on parasites but also has potential antiviral effects. The chemical structures of ivermectin and other avermectin family compounds in this review. IVM has also shown beneficial effects against other parasitic diseases, such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, trichinosis and leishmaniasis. IVM activates glutamate-gated chloride channels in the parasite, causing a large amount of chloride ion influx and neuronal hyperpolarization, thereby leading to the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to destroy nerves, and the nerve transmission of muscle cells induces the paralysis of somatic muscles to kill parasites. Campbell, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. The discoverers of IVM, Japanese scientist Satoshi ōmura and Irish scientist William C. It has a good effect on the treatment of parasitic diseases such as river blindness, elephantiasis, and scabies. IVM is currently the most successful avermectin family drug and was approved by the FDA for use in humans in 1978. In addition to IVM, the current avermectin family members include selamectin, doramectin and moxidectin, ,, ] ( Fig. ![]() Ivermectin(IVM) is a macrolide antiparasitic drug with a 16-membered ring derived from avermectin that is composed of 80% 22,23-dihydroavermectin-B1a and 20% 22,23-dihydroavermectin-B1b. Abbreviations: ASC, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD ALCAR, acetyl-L-carnitine CSCs, Cancer stem cells DAMP, Damage-associated molecular pattern EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor EBV, Epstein-Barr virus EMT, Epithelial mesenchymal-transition GABA, Gamma-aminobutyric acid GSDMD, Gasdermin D HBV, Hepatitis B virus HCV, Hepatitis C virus HER2, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HMGB1, High mobility group box-1 protein HSP27, Heat shock protein 27 LD50, median lethal dose LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase IVM, Ivermectin MDR, Multidrug resistance NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine OCT-4, Octamer-binding protein 4 PAK1, P-21-activated kinases 1 PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern PARP, poly (ADP- ribose) polymerase P-gp, P-glycoprotein PRR, pattern recognition receptor ROS, Reactive oxygen species STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 SID, SIN3-interaction domain siRNA, small interfering RNA SOX-2, SRY-box 2 TNBC, Triple-negative breast cancer YAP1, Yes-associated protein 1 ![]()
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